The renal re-absorption of magnesium contributes to maintaining magnesium homeostasis, as it declines to near zero in the presence of high levels of magnesium and reaches over 99% in the presence of magnesium depletion ( Figure 1). In the kidney, 80% of total serum magnesium is filtered in the glomeruli, with more than 95% being re-absorbed in the nephron. The absorption of magnesium occurs predominantly in the small intestine (and to a lesser extent in the colon) and depends on two different pathways: a passive paracellular transport, which facilitates bulk magnesium absorption, and an active transcellular pathway responsible for mediating the fine-tuning of magnesium absorption. Īpproximately 99% of total body magnesium is stored intracellularly in soft tissue and muscle (~40%) or resides as a component of bone on the surface of hydroxyapatite crystals (~60%). Magnesium is the fourth most abundant cation in the human body and is involved in several important functions, such as enzyme activity, oxidative phosphorylation, DNA and protein synthesis, neuromuscular excitability and parathyroid hormone secretion. Magnesium, with its relative lack of side effects, is particularly compelling for use in groups in which side effects are less well tolerated, such as children, pregnant women and the elderly population. Magnesium for headaches offers an alternative to traditional medication that brings with it issues, such as addiction and side effects. The International Classification of Headache Disorders (ICHD-3-beta) divides all headache entities into primary and secondary disorders and approximately 90% of headaches seen in general practice are of the primary variety, such as migraine, tension-type headache, or cluster headache. A large body of literature suggests a relationship between magnesium deficiency and mild and moderate tension-type headaches and migraines.
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